Tinjauan pustaka aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan komponen bioaktif tanaman herbal Indonesia = Literature review of antioxidant activity and bioactive components of Indonesian herbal plants

Eirene, Clarissa (2022) Tinjauan pustaka aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan komponen bioaktif tanaman herbal Indonesia = Literature review of antioxidant activity and bioactive components of Indonesian herbal plants. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Indonesia merupakan negara yang kaya akan hasil flora, salah satunya adalah tanaman herbal. Penggunaan tanaman herbal sebagai obat tradisional dapat dilakukan dengan penyeduhan ramuan herbal maupun sebagai bumbu masakan sebagai aroma serta cita rasa. Sebagian besar tanaman herbal memiliki kandungan antioksidan. Antioksidan memiliki peran penting untuk menangkal radikal bebas serta penyembuhan dan pencegahan berbagai penyakit. Antioksidan mengandung senyawa fenolik. Komponen dari fenolik adalah flavonoid. Pada tinjauan pustaka ini menganalisa mengenai aktivitas antioksidan, total fenolik, dan total flavonoid dari berbagai jenis tanaman herbal Indonesia seperti jahe, kunyit, serai, temulawak, daun kari, daun kumis kucing, daun benalu, daun kelor, daun katuk, daun sirih, daun kemangi, daun meniran, daun mareme, kulit batang pulai, dan kulit kayu manis. Selain itu, dilakukan analisa untuk mengetahui berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi aktivitas antioksidan serta mengetahui perlakuan terbaik berdasarkan aktivitas antioksidan, total fenolik, dan total flavonoid. Aktivitas antioksidan paling kuat terdapat pada daun sirih dengan nilai IC50 5,53±0,9 μg/mL (sangat kuat) dan paling rendah terdapat pada kulit batang pulai dengan nilai IC50 211,54±0,96 μg/mL (sedang). Diketahui bahwa untuk menghasilkan aktivitas antioksidan terbaik, sampel tanaman herbal dapat diekstrak menggunakan pelarut metanol 90%. Sementara untuk total fenolik dan flavonoid, hasil yang lebih baik ditemukan pada penggunaan pelarut metanol. Total fenolik seharusnya memiliki nilai yang berbanding lurus dengan total flavonoid. Namun, dari 15 jenis tanaman herbal, kunyit, temulawak, daun kari, daun benalu, dan daun meniran memiliki nilai fenolik serta flavonoid yang berbanding terbalik. Berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi aktivitas antioksidan dan total fenolik serta flavonoid dari tanaman herbal adalah varietas, perbandingan antara ekstrak dan pelarut, jenis pelarut, konsentrasi pelarut, suhu dan waktu ekstraksi, suhu dan waktu inkubasi, cara pengeringan sampel, metode ekstraksi, metode analisis yang digunakan, absorbansi yang digunakan pada spektrofotometer hingga komposisi kimia. / Indonesia is a country rich in flora, one of which is herbal plants. The use of herbal plants as traditional medicine can be done by brewing herbal ingredients or as cooking spices for aroma and taste. Most herbal plants contain antioxidants. Antioxidants have an important role to ward off free radicals as well as cure and prevent various diseases. Antioxidants contain phenolic compounds. The components of phenolics are flavonoids. This literature review analyzes the antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoids of various types of Indonesian herbal plants such as ginger, turmeric, lemongrass, temulawak, curry leaves, cat whiskers leaves, parasite leaves, moringa leaves, katuk leaves, betel leaves, basil, meniran leaves, mareme leaves, pulai bark, and cinnamon bark. In addition, an analysis was carried out to determine various influencing factors on antioxidant activity and to determine the best treatment based on antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid. The strongest antioxidant activity was found in betel leaf with an IC50 value of 5.53±0.9 g/mL (very strong) and the lowest was found in the bark of pulai with an IC50 value of 211.54±0.96 g/mL (moderate). It is known that better antioxidant activity can be obtained when herbal plant was extracted with 90% methanol. Similarly, when extracted using methanol, better total phenolic and flavonoid results can be obtained. Total phenolics should be directly proportional to the total flavonoids. However, from 15 types of herbal plants, turmeric, curcuma, curry leaves, parasite leaves, and meniran leaves have inversely proportional phenolic and flavonoid values. Various factors that affect antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid from herbal plants are herbal plant variety, ratio between extract and solvent, type of solvent, solvent concentration, extraction temperature and time, temperature and incubation time, sample drying method, extraction method, analytical method used, the absorbance used in the spectrophotometer and chemical composition.

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