Strategi Indonesia menghadapi tantangan perdagangan internasional: studi kasus sengketa perdagangan nikel Indonesia dan Uni Eropa

Bessie, Yuliana Maria Dwi Pietriany (2022) Strategi Indonesia menghadapi tantangan perdagangan internasional: studi kasus sengketa perdagangan nikel Indonesia dan Uni Eropa. Masters thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Hilirisasi Industri merupakan strategi Indonesia untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dan daya saing terutama dari sektor pertambangan dan mineral. Indonesia sebagai negara dengan sumber daya alam dan cadangan nikel terbesar di dunia terlibat langsung dalam pemanfaatan potensi nikel untuk mempercepat proses pembangunan guna menaikkan posisi dalam perdagangan internasional. Peran aktif pemerintah dalam pembangunan ini dijelaskan dalam teori Developmental State. Kebijakan hilirisasi industri komoditas nikel diimplementasikan dengan mengolah raw materials menjadi barang setengah jadi atau barang jadi. Target pemerintah adalah membangun ekosistem kendaraan listrik di Indonesia. Ekosistem ini dibangun dengan mengintegrasikan industri hulu pengolahan nikel dan industri hilir baterai kendaraan listrik hingga menghasilkan produk kendaraan listrik. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, Indonesia memberlakukan larangan ekspor bijih nikel untuk melindungi cadangan nikel yang dimiliki. Muncul hambatan-hambatan baik dari dalam maupun dari luar. Hambatan dari dalam terkait dengan pembangunan smelter dan insfrastruktur penunjang serta mahalnya investasi. Sedangkan dari luar, muncul pertentangan dari Uni Eropa yang beranggapan bahwa kebijakan larangan ekspor nikel Indonesia telah membatasi pasokan nikel global. Gugatan Uni Eropa terhadap Indonesia tercatat dalam DS592: Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode penelitian studi kasus. Pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan data primer melalui wawancara serta data sekunder berupa tinjauan dokumen dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fokus Indonesia pada hilirisasi industri khususnya dalam membangun ekosistem kendaraaan listrik terlihat dari konsistensi dan peran langsung pemerintah dalam penerapan arah kebijakan dan percepatan pembangunan. Disatu sisi, tantangan yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam perdagangan bebas terutama menghadapi gugatan Uni Eropa tidak lepas dari persaingan dagang. / Downstream Industry is Indonesia's strategy to increase added value and competitiveness, especially from the mining and mineral sector. Indonesia as a country with the largest natural resources and nickel reserves in the world is directly involved in exploiting the potential of nickel to accelerate the development process in order to increase its position in international trade. The active role of government in this development is explained in the theory of Developmental State. The downstream policy for the nickel commodity industry is implemented by processing raw materials into semi-finished or finished goods. The government's target is to build an electric vehicle ecosystem in Indonesia. This ecosystem is built by integrating the upstream nickel processing industry and the downstream electric vehicle battery industry to produce electric vehicle products. To achieve this goal, Indonesia imposed a ban on nickel ore exports to protect its nickel reserves. There are obstacles, both internal and external. Internal barriers are related to the construction of smelters and supporting infrastructure and the high cost of investment. Meanwhile, from the outside, there is opposition from the European Union, which thinks that Indonesia's nickel export ban policy has limited global nickel supply. The European Union's lawsuit against Indonesia is recorded in DS592: Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials.This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study research method. The research data was collected using primary data through interviews and secondary data in the form of document reviews and literature studies. The results show that Indonesia's focus on industrial downstreaming, especially in building an electric vehicle ecosystem, can be seen from the consistency and direct role of the government in implementing policy directions and accelerating development. On the one hand, the challenges faced by Indonesia in free trade, especially facing the European Union's lawsuit, cannot be separated from trade competition.

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