President John F. Kennedy's Cognitive Consistency Towards His Decision Making During the Cuban Missile Crisis

John, Christopher (2023) President John F. Kennedy's Cognitive Consistency Towards His Decision Making During the Cuban Missile Crisis. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Leaders play one of the key roles in foreign policy decision making, thus, the study of the leader themselves and their personalities should not be understated as well. In a high-stake scenario, a person’s cognitive consistency and their ability and motivation in maintaining it is indicative of the values and beliefs they have. If a person is cognitively lacking, then they are more susceptible to cognitive dissonance, where the intention or motivation behind decisions they make will be based on emotion or ego. This research intends to use John F. Kennedy in the Cuban Missile Crisis as case study to show how one’s cognitive consistency affects their decision making, and even more so in a time where there are crucial stakes on the line. The theory of Classical Realism is used to see better the events of the crisis itself, the conflict between the two countries the U.S. and the Soviet Union, as well as Kennedy as a person. This research uses the qualitative research method of gathering speeches of Kennedy and his close colleagues and/or family, and will be grabbing its data from a plethora of journals, literatures, online journals, books and other credible sources. This paper delves into the context of all involving parties and their status quo following the second world war, and how the buildup to the Cuban Missile Crisis affected them. Which will proceed to the life of Kennedy, how he was growing up, who he looked up to all the way to his time in the navy, before he became senator and eventually becoming the 35th president of the U.S.., almost immediately going through various foreign policy endeavours where his decision-making and leadership skills were tested, and how he learned and acted from failure. All this is done to get to the root of the cognitive consistency of the John F. Kennedy that is seen guiding his people through the Cuban Missile Crisis – where the country depended on his emotional stability, leadership and cognitive abilities. This paper discovers that throughout every single decision that Kennedy made in the crisis, it can be said that his cognitive consistency and emotional intelligence was displayed and maintained. The cognitive ability of John F. Kennedy therefore influenced heavily the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis, where it is now considered to be a display of a great and composed leader handling a high staked situation./Pemimpin suatu negara adalah salah satu yang memegang peranan penting dalam pengambilan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri. Oleh karena itu, studi tentang pemimpin itu sendiri dan kepribadiannya tidak boleh dipandang kecil. Dalam suatu skenario yang berisiko tinggi, konsistensi kognitif seseorang serta kemampuan dan motivasi mereka dalam mempertahankannya merupakan indikasi dari nilai dan keyakinan yang mereka miliki. Jika seseorang kurang secara kognitif, maka mereka cenderung lebih rentan terhadap disonansi kognitif, di mana niat atau motivasi di balik keputusan yang mereka buat akan didasarkan pada emosi atau ego. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menggunakan John F. Kennedy dalam Krisis Rudal Kuba sebagai suatu studi kasus dengan tujuan menunjukkan bagaimana konsistensi kognitif seseorang dapat mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan mereka, dan terlebih lagi pada saat ada sesuatu yang penting yang dipertaruhkan. Teori Realisme Klasik digunakan agar dapat lebih baik melihat krisis itu sendiri, konflik antara dua negara, AS dan Uni Soviet, serta Kennedy sebagai seorang pribadi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan pidato-pidato Kennedy dan rekan-rekan dekatnya dan/atau keluarganya. Data diambil dari berbagai jurnal, literatur, jurnal online, buku dan sumber-sumber lain yang kredibel. Skripsi ini mendalami semua situasi kondisi, setelah perang dunia ke 2, dari pihak-pihak yang turut berperan dan bagaimana dampak eskalasi Krisis Rudal terhadap mereka. Hal-hal tersebut juga berpengaruh dalam hidup Kennedy, bagaimana ia dibesarkan, siapa yang menjadi panutannya, masa-masa ia bertugas di angkatan laut, sebelum ia menjadi senator dan akhirnya menjadi presiden AS ke-35, yang kemudian langsung menghadapi berbagai upaya kebijakan luar negeri di mana kemampuannya dalam pengambilan keputusan dan kepemimpinannya diuji. Juga bagaimana ia belajar dan melangkah dari kegagalan. Seluruh kajian ini dilakukan agar dapat dimengerti apa yang mendasari keyakinan konsistensi kognitif seorang John F Kennedy yang terlihat dalam bagaimana ia memimpin rakyatnya melewati Krisis Rudal Kuba. Kedaulatan Amerika Serikat bergantung pada kestabilan emosi, kepemimpinan dan kemampuan kognitif presidennya. Melalui skripsi ini diperlihatkan bahwa dalam setiap keputusan yang dibuat oleh Kennedy saat krisis tersebut, menunjukkan konsistensi kognitif dan kecerdasan emosional seorang Kennedy. Kemampuan kognitif John F. Kennedy berpengaruh besar atas hasil akhir Krisis Rudal Kuba. Harus diakui bahwa cara Kennedy menangani Krisis Rudal Kuba menunjukkan bahwa ia adalah seorang pemimpin besar, yang dengan tenang menangani situasi yang sangat genting.

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