Tanggung jawab pengangkut terhadap pengirim barang berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 17 tahun 2008 tentang pelayaran dikaitkan dalam keadaan kahar (force majeure)

Miftahurrahman, Muhammad Alif (2023) Tanggung jawab pengangkut terhadap pengirim barang berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 17 tahun 2008 tentang pelayaran dikaitkan dalam keadaan kahar (force majeure). Masters thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Dengan semakin majunya tranportasi laut dan semakin banyaknya penggunaan kapal laut oleh masyarakat, maka semakin banyaknya terjadinya angka kecelakaan transportasi laut. Di dalam melaksanakan pengangkutan barang yang melalui laut, tentunya terdapat beberapa resiko, baik dikarenakan oleh faktor alam (force majeure) ataupun faktor dari kesalahan manusia yang bisa mengakibatkan barang yang diangkutnya musnah, hilang, ataupun rusak sehingga dapat menyebabkan barang tersebut berkurang nilainya dan menimbulkan kerugian bagi pihak pemilik barang. Tanggung jawab pengangkut terhadap pengirim barang atas hilang dan tenggelamnya muatan barang yang diangkut karena cuaca buruk berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 41 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran, di mana dalam prinsip ini pengangkut dianggap selalu bertanggung jawab atas setiap kerugian yang timbul dari pengangkutan yang diselenggarakannya. Namun jika pengangkut dapat membuktikan bahwa kerugian yang timbul itu bukan kesalahannya, maka pengangkut dapat dibebaskan dari tanggung jawab membayar sebagian atau seluruh ganti kerugian tersebut. Dengan terbuktinya kecelakaan kapal milik PT. Mulia Borneo Mandiri yang tenggelam dan disebabkan karena cuaca buruk, berdasarkan Pasal 1245 KUH Perdata yaitu bahwa tidak ada penggantian biaya, kerugian dan bunga, bila karena keadaan memaksa atau karena hal yang tejadi secara kebetulan, maka PT. Mulia Borneo Mandiri selaku Tergugat/Terbanding/Termohon dalam sengketa ini tidak dapat dimintakan penggantian kerugian atas tenggelamnya barang milik Tertanggung yaitu PT. Megasurya Mas. Ratio Decidendi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2821 K/Pdt/2014 terhadap hapusnya tanggung jawab Pengangkut terhadap hilang dan tenggelamnya muatan barang yang diangkut adalah didasarkan atas adanya alasan-alasan yang diajukan tidak dapat dibenarkan karena Judex Facti tidak salah dalam menerapkan hukum dan Judex Facti sudah tepat dan benar karena tenggelamnya kapal merupakan kecelakaan yang tidak dapat diperkirakan atau dicegah sehingga merupakan keadaan darurat/overmacht¸ Pasal 468 ayat (1) KUHD juga tidak dapat digunakan dalam perkara ini karena telah terbukti bahwa kejadian tersebut disebabkan oleh force majeure berupa cuaca buruk, maka ditolaknya gugatan sudah sesuai dengan hukum. / With the advancement of sea transportation and the increasing use of ships by the public, the number of accidents in sea transportation is increasing. In carrying out the transportation of goods by sea, of course there are some risks, both due to natural factors (force majeure) or factors from human error which can result in the goods being transported being destroyed, lost, or damaged which can cause the goods to decrease in value and cause losses. for the owner of the goods. The responsibility of the carrier to the sender of goods for the loss and sinking of the cargo of goods being transported due to bad weather is based on the provisions of Article 41 paragraph (2) of Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, where in this principle the carrier is considered to be always responsible for any losses that arise of the transportation it organizes. However, if the carrier can prove that the loss incurred was not his fault, then the carrier can be released from the responsibility of paying part or all of the compensation. With the proven ship accident belonging to PT. Mulia Borneo Mandiri which sank and was caused by bad weather, based on Article 1245 of the Civil Code, namely that there is no reimbursement of costs, losses and interest, if due to forceful circumstances or due to coincidences, then PT. Mulia Borneo Mandiri as the Defendant/Appeal/ Respondent in this dispute cannot be asked for compensation for the sinking of the property belonging to the Insured, namely PT. Megasurya Mr. Ratio Decidendi The decision of the Supreme Court Number 2821 K/Pdt/2014 against the elimination of the responsibility of the Carrier for the loss and sinking of the cargo being transported is based on the reasons put forward cannot be justified because Judex Facti was not wrong in applying the law and Judex Facti was right and true because the sinking of a ship is an accident that cannot be predicted or prevented so that it constitutes an emergency/overmacht¸ Article 468 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code also cannot be used in this case because it has been proven that the incident was caused by force majeure in the form of bad weather, so it is rejected the lawsuit complies with the law.

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