Rekonstruksi penyelesaian sengketa tindakan administrasi pemerintahan di peradilan tata usaha negara

Christin, Nelvy (2022) Rekonstruksi penyelesaian sengketa tindakan administrasi pemerintahan di peradilan tata usaha negara. Doctoral thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan telah memperluas kewenangan Peradilan TUN, sehingga berwenang mengadili semua sengketa perbuatan pemerintahan dalam ranah hukum publik yang timbul sebagai akibat diterbitkannya keputusan administrasi pemerintahan tertulis, tindakan administrasi pemerintahan dalam bentuk perbuatan materiel tidak tertulis, dan sengketa administrasi khusus. Perluasan kewenangan mengadili terutama tindakan administrasi pemerintahan tidak disertai dengan pembaruan Hukum Acara Peradilan TUN, sehingga Mahkamah Agung mengeluarkan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Tindakan Pemerintahan dan Kewenangan Mengadili Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Badan dan/atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad). Penelitian ini mengelaborasi permasalahan pengaturan kewenangan mengadili Peradilan TUN sebelum dan setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Administrasi Pemerintahan. Penelitian ini juga menguraikan penyelesaian sengketa tindakan administrasi pemerintahan di Peradilan TUN dan peradilan umum serta menganalisis model ideal penyelesaian sengketa tersebut di Peradilan TUN. Tipe penelitian adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual dan perbandingan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori negara hukum, teori hukum responsif, dan teori sistem hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan penyelesaian sengketa tindakan administrasi pemerintahan masih menimbulkan perbedaan penafsiran karena adanya disharmoni dengan aturan lain dan kekosongan hukum mengenai batasan pengertian atas beberapa istilah fundamental dalam hukum administrasi yang mengakibatkan belum adanya kesatuan dan konsistensi penerapan hukum. Penyelesaian sengketa tindakan administrasi pemerintahan di Peradilan TUN juga menunjukkan perbedaan dengan peradilan umum karena penyelesaian sengketa di peradilan umum hanya mempertimbangkan aspek hukum, sedangkan penyelesaian sengketa di Peradilan TUN mempertimbangkan pula aspek pemerintahan. Model ideal penyelesaian sengketa tindakan administrasi pemerintahan diusulkan untuk dilakukan melalui: i) penguatan upaya administratif partisipatoris, ii) simplifikasi penyelesaian sengketa dalam peradilan dua tingkat, iii) ekstensifikasi tenggang waktu pengajuan gugatan, iv) optimalisasi jumlah dan tata cara penghitungan ganti kerugian, v) pengaturan eksekusi kolaboratif putusan, dan vi) pemberdayaan musyawarah administrasi./The enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration has expanded the administrative court jurisdiction to adjudicate disputes arising from all forms of government actions. Among others it covers government administration decision, government administration action, and special administrative dispute. The adjudication of government administrative action was not accompanied by revision to the administrative procedural law. In this respect, the Supreme Court issued the Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for the Settlement of Government Administrative Action Disputes. This study raises problem on how the arrangement of the jurisdiction of the administrative court before and after the enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014. The study also explores the comparison of dispute resolution on government administrative action by the administrative court and general court. Afterwards, analyse the ideal model of dispute resolution in such administrative court that can realize the optimal legal protection for citizens. This research is normative juridical research with a statutory and conceptual approach supported by a comparative approach. The theory used is theory of rule of law, theory of responsive law, and theory of legal system. The research results show that are diversity of understandings of various concepts related to government administration actions. Consequently, they have implications for the unity and consistency of dispute resolution as well as procedures for resolving government administrative action disputes in the administrative court and general court. In the court decisions, general court judges only consider the legal aspect, while the administrative court judges also consider the government aspect. It is advisable to propose ideal models for resolving disputes over government administration actions as a reconstruction of the implications of expanding the jurisdiction. The model covers: i) setting up the participatory administrative review, ii) resolving dispute simplification in two levels of court, iii) optimising the amount of remedy, iv) lengthening period for filing a lawsuit, v) harmonizing execution of the court’s decisions and vi) empowering administration consensus in the administrative procedural law in order to achieve optimal legal protection for citizens.

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