Invasi militer Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan dalam perspektif perang yang adil = Military invasion of the united states in afghanistan from the perspective of just war

Kelung, Thesalonica Putri (2023) Invasi militer Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan dalam perspektif perang yang adil = Military invasion of the united states in afghanistan from the perspective of just war. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Invasi militer yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan yang berlangsung selama dua dekade telah mendapat perhatian luas. Apakah invasi tersebut dapat dibenarkan jika ditinjau dalam perspektif perang yang adil masih hangat diperdebatkan di kalangan akademisi sampai saat ini. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji invasi Amerika Serikat menggunakan konsep perang yang adil yang terkandung dalam prinsip jus ad bellum. Perspektif English School dan Teori Perang yang Adil digunakan sebagai landasan teoritis, dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode deskriptif sebagai landasan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa invasi militer Amerika Serikat awalnya dianggap benar dan adil oleh rakyat Amerika Serikat dan masyarakat global, karena dianggap sebagai tanggapan terhadap serangan 11 September 2001 (9/11) yang dilancarkan oleh kelompok terorisme Al-Qaeda yang dilindungi rezim Taliban di Afghanistan. Namun, berdasarkan penilaian menggunakan prinsip-prinsip jus ad bellum teridentifikasi bahwa kebijakan kontra-terorisme yang diambil oleh Bush, bukan lagi menjadi perang melawan teror melainkan telah melebihi hal tersebut. Mengenai prinsip pilihan terakhir masih diperdebatkan oleh berbagai kalangan apakah adil atau tidak. Menyangkut prinsip otoritas yang sah, invasi yang dilakukan di Afghanistan telah memenuhi syarat sebagai tindakan yang telah diotorisasi melalui resolusi kongres. Untuk prinsip alasan yang adil, yaitu pembelaan diri oleh Amerika Serikat, merupakan satu-satunya alasan yang dianggap adil dan sah. Tentang prinsip peluang keberhasilan, bahwasannya Amerika Serikat gagal dalam melihat probabilitas keberhasilan dalam pelaksanaan “Operation Enduring Freedom” untuk bisa membangun serta menstabilkan kembali Afghanistan. Sementara untuk yang terakhir prinsip proporsional, tindakan invasi militer Amerika Serikat bertentangan dengan prinsip proporsional, dikarenakan banyaknya kematian yang disebabkan oleh Operation Enduring Freedom. / The two-decade-long military invasion conducted by the United States in Afghanistan has garnered widespread attention. Whether this invasion can be justified when viewed from the perspective of a just war is still a heated debate among academics to this day. This research aims to examine the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan using the concept of a just war embedded in the principles of jus ad bellum. The English School perspective and the Just War Theory are utilized as the theoretical foundation, employing a qualitative approach and descriptive methods as the research framework. The research findings indicate that the U.S. military invasion was initially deemed right and just by the American population and the global community. This perception arose as a response to the attacks orchestrated by the Al-Qaeda terrorist group, protected by the Taliban regime in Afghanistan on September 11, 2001 (9/11). However, based on an assessment using the principles of jus ad bellum, it is identified that the counter-terrorism policy adopted by Bush no longer constitutes a war against terror but has surpassed it. Regarding the principle of last resort, there is still ongoing debate among various circles about whether it is fair or not; In terms of the principle of legitimate authority, the invasion conducted in Afghanistan has met the criteria as an action duly authorized through a congressional resolution; Right Intention Principle: The Right Intention Principle posits that the self-defense argument put forward by the United States is the only just and valid reason for the invasion; Probability of Success Principle: The research indicates that the United States failed to assess the probability of success in implementing "Operation Enduring Freedom" to rebuild and stabilize Afghanistan; Proportionality Principle: The Proportionality Principle suggests that the U.S. military invasion contradicts the principle of proportionality due to the significant number of deaths resulting from Operation Enduring Freedom.

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