Beethoven and total reconstruction of variations genre through opuses 34 and 35

Anjani, Isabella (2023) Beethoven and total reconstruction of variations genre through opuses 34 and 35. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

One of the oldest genres for keyboard literature in Western music history is theme and variations, which has been written as long as the invention of the keyboard instrument: from 1250s for organ, to 1300s/1400s for klavier, to 1700s for fortepiano. There are two types of variations: one with specific markings “variations,” and the other one associated with dance music. The genre had traditionally been written for pedagogical purposes; not until Ludwig van Beethoven that the genre rose into prominence and became a composition for the concert hall. Among the total of 21 theme and variations that Beethoven wrote, four of them bear opus numbers while the other 17 were published with WoO catalogue; especially the two numbers (Opp. 34 and 35) are unparalleled during the course of nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the exception of Frederic Rzewski, whose People United will never be Defeated is masterpiece respectively. The purpose of this research is to provide analyses and evaluations of Beethoven’s composition techniques in reconstructing variations genre through opuses 34 and 35 during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth century.

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