Industri tenaga surya sebagai insturmen diplomasi ekonomi Tiongkok terhadap Afrika Selatan

Khonery, Clarissa (2024) Industri tenaga surya sebagai insturmen diplomasi ekonomi Tiongkok terhadap Afrika Selatan. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Hadirnya energi terbarukan dalam menyikapi isu lingkungan, tampak menjadi elemen yang tengah dikejar sebagian besar negara. Daya guna tenaga surya fotovoltaik sebagai energi alternatif untuk menghasilkan listrik, mampu mendorong negara-negara untuk bertransisi mengikuti tren ekonomi global dan mengambil porsi dalam industri tersebut. Tiongkok yang merupakan negara dengan perekonomian terbesar kedua dunia, telah memanfaatkan momentum ini untuk mengejar kekuatan absolut menuju status great power. Menggunakan teori neorealisme, penelitian ini hendak mengkaji strategi Tiongkok, serta bagaimana negara tersebut mampu memanfaatkan industri tenaga surya fotovoltaik sebagai instrumen diplomasi ekonomi terhadap Afrika Selatan. Diikuti 4 konsep turunan yakni sistem internasional, balance of power, diplomasi ekonomi, serta smart power sebagai penguat argumen. Dalam hal ini, hubungan kedekatan antar kedua negara yang dibangun sejak lama, tampak dijadikan sebagai “gerbang kunci” bagi Tiongkok untuk menjadi poros utama dalam sistem internasional. Sebab pergerakan sistem internasional secara tidak langsung telah memaksa negara untuk survive dan mengambil bagian dalam distribusi kekuasaan. Strategi Tiongkok di Afrika Selatan juga terlihat jelas melalui investas proyek industri tenaga surya fotovoltaik seperti Jinko Solar dan GCL-POLY. Faktor geopolitik, perang dagang bersama Amerika Serikat, hingga ratifikasi Paris Agreement 2015 mencapai emisi karbon sebagai alat propaganda turut mendukung Tiongkok dalam pelancaran diplomasi ekonominya. Meskipun nilai keuntungan tidak tampak secara absolut, namun melalui strategi ini Tiongkok mampu memegang kendali atas sistem internasional yang multipolar, dimana penguasaan terhadap Afrika Selatan telah mendorong keterwakilannya. Disamping masih adanya beberapa tantangan baik dari segi teknis maupun sumber daya manusia (SDM), Tiongkok disebut-sebut telah membentuk ketergantungan Afrika Selatan dan mendominasi pasarnya melawan AS dan Eropa. Sehingga kehadiran Tiongkok dalam isu lingkungan bukan atas dasar kepedulian semata, melainkan digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk mempertahankan posisinya dalam sistem internasional yang anarkis. / The presence of renewable energy in addressing environmental issues appears to be an element that is being pursued by most countries. The use of solar photovoltaic power as an alternative energy for generating electricity is able to encourage countries to transition to follow global economic trends and take part in this industry. China, which is the country with the second largest economy in the world, has taken advantage of this momentum to pursue absolute power towards great power status. Using neorealism theory, this research will examine China's strategy, and how the country is able to utilize the solar photovoltaic energy industry as an instrument of economic diplomacy towards South Africa. Followed by 4 derivative concepts, namely the international system, balance of power, economic diplomacy, and smart power as argument reinforcement. In this case, the close relationship between the two countries, which has been built for a long time, appears to be used as a "key gate" for China to become the main axis in the international system. Because the movement of the international system has indirectly forced countries to survive and take part in the distribution of power. China's strategy in South Africa is also clearly visible through its investment in photovoltaic solar industry projects such as Jinko Solar and GCL-POLY. Geopolitical factors, the trade war with the United States, and the ratification of the 2015 Paris Agreement on carbon emissions as a propaganda tool also support China in launching its economic diplomacy. Even though the value of the benefits is not visible in absolute terms, through this strategy China is able to maintain control over the multipolar international system, where control of South Africa has encouraged its representation. Besides the existence of several challenges both in terms of technical and human resources (HR), China is said to have formed South Africa's dependency and dominates its market against the US and Europe. So China's presence in environmental issues is not based on concern alone, but is used as an instrument to maintain its position in an anarchic international system.

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