Analyzing Biden's Administration Approach to Hostage Diplomacy: The Negotiation Process of The Released Brittney Griner

Kristian, Cornelia (2024) Analyzing Biden's Administration Approach to Hostage Diplomacy: The Negotiation Process of The Released Brittney Griner. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

The US has a history of practicing hostage diplomacy throughout the times. At the beginning of Biden’s presidency, prisoner swap is not something his administration in favour of. Every time there was a prospect of negotiating or exchanging for US citizens who were being held overseas, his administration would express resistance. Trevor Reed’s case in February 2022 opened a new era of hostage diplomacy in Biden’s administration. After Reed’s case, another case took a lot of attention, the first high-profile American, Brittney Griner was detained in Russia and eventually released through a prisoner swap. The result of the case might not be favoured by everyone especially if a question starts to arise as the swap was necessary or ‘worth it’. Therefore, this research analyzes the Biden administration’s ways of Hostage Diplomacy using the case of Brittney Griner to find the factors behind Griner’s releases and the lessons learned from the negotiation process. This research uses the Constructivism theory, supported by related concepts such as identity and actions, norms, and level of analysis: individual and state level. This research uses the case study research method through literature studies. This research found that identity plays a role in how leaders implement their diplomacy however, domestic factors that lie behind the release of Griner such as the racial and gender issues, the role of media, and public opinion play a greater role in the release of Griner. The research has also found a key lesson to be implemented in similar situations cases in the future, such as knowing who has the leverage in the case, the pros and cons of making such a case public, the use of third-party negotiators, and the use of prisoner swap in the future. / Amerika Serikat memiliki sejarah dalam mempraktikkan diplomasi sandera sepanjang masa. Pada awal masa kepresidenan Biden, pertukaran tahanan bukan sesuatu yang didukung oleh pemerintahannya. Setiap kali ada prospek negosiasi atau pertukaran warga AS yang ditahan di luar negeri, pemerintahannya akan menyatakan penolakan. Kasus Trevor Reed pada Februari 2022 membuka era baru diplomasi sandera dalam pemerintahan Biden. Setelah kasus Reed, kasus lain menyita banyak perhatian, orang Amerika terkenal pertama, Brittney Griner ditahan di Rusia dan akhirnya dibebaskan melalui pertukaran tahanan. Hasil dari kasus ini mungkin tidak disukai oleh semua orang terutama jika pertanyaan mulai muncul mengenai apakah pertukaran itu perlu atau 'layak'. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menganalisis cara-cara diplomasi sandera pemerintahan Biden menggunakan kasus Brittney Griner untuk menemukan faktor di balik pembebasan Griner dan pembelajaran dari proses negosiasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Konstruktivisme yang didukung oleh konsep-konsep terkait seperti identitas dan tindakan, norma, dan tingkat analisis: tingkat individu dan negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian studi kasus melalui studi literatur. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa identitas berperan dalam cara pemimpin melaksanakan diplomasinya, namun faktor domestik yang melatarbelakangi pelepasan Griner seperti isu ras dan gender, peran media, dan opini publik berperan lebih besar dalam pelepasan Griner. Penelitian ini juga menemukan pelajaran penting yang dapat diterapkan dalam kasus-kasus serupa di masa depan, seperti mengetahui siapa yang mempunyai pengaruh dalam kasus tersebut, pro dan kontra jika kasus tersebut dipublikasikan, penggunaan negosiator pihak ketiga, dan penggunaan pertukaran tahanan di masa depan.

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