Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Tiongkok: Implikasi terhadap Ekonomi Politik Global

Tular, Axel Gabriel (2024) Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Tiongkok: Implikasi terhadap Ekonomi Politik Global. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Sistem keuangan global tentunya tidak terlepas dari komponen terpentingnya, yaitu uang. Melalui perkembangan zaman, digitalisasi sudah mulai terjadi, terutama terhadap uang yang awalnya uang fisik menjadi uang digital sehingga terciptanya Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC). Keberadaan CBDC sudah mulai terlihat di dunia, bahkan sudah diimplementasikan oleh beberapa negara, salah satunya adalah Tiongkok. Keterlibatan negara di dalam fenomena uang digital memicu perhatian dunia internasional dan global, yaitu terutama secara ekonomi politik global. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini membahas mengenai implementasi CBDC Tiongkok sebagai respons Tiongkok terhadap fenomena uang digital dan implikasinya terhadap ekonomi politik global. Penelitian ini dilengkapi dengan teori dan konsep yang dapat membantu melihat fenomena ini dari perspektif ilmu Hubungan Internasional, yaitu perspektif Merkantilisme, teori Ekonomi Politik Global, konsep-konsep seperti Struktur Finansial dan Moneter, Struktur Pengetahuan dan Teknologi, Negara sebagai Aktor yang Rasional, dan Interaksi Negara-Pasar-Masyarakat. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk mencari jawaban atas proses dari implementasi CBDC Tiongkok dan implikasinya terhadap ekonomi politik global. Kemudian, metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif untuk dan juga menggunakan data sekunder melalui metode studi kepustakaan dan penelusuran daring sebagai proses pengumpulan data, seperti melalui Journal Storage (JSTOR), Johanes Oentoro Library, Google Scholar, dokumen seperti pernyataan pemerintah, laporan pemerintah, laporan dari institusi keuangan global, dan sumber serupa lainnya yang tersedia di internet. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa CBDC adalah fenomena uang digital di ekonomi politik global dan Tiongkok merespons fenomena tersebut untuk ikut terlibat membuat CBDC. Tentunya, hal ini menguntungkan Tiongkok secara kewenangan dalam fenomena uang digital dan melayani kepentingan ekonomi negara, seperti memosisikan negara sebagai otoritas tertinggi, membantu implementasi kebijakan moneter, dan memajukan sistem keuangan negara. Hal ini membantu Tiongkok dalam ekonomi politik secara domestik, dan berujung kepada potensi untuk Tiongkok menjadi contoh dalam sistem keuangan CBDC secara global dan mempromosikan mata uang Tiongkok untuk penggunaan global. / The global financial system certainly cannot be separated from its most important component, namely money. Through the times, digitalization has begun to occur, especially with money that was originally physical money becoming digital money, resulting in the creation of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC). The existence of CBDC has begun to be seen in the world, and has even been implemented by several countries, one of which is China. The country's involvement in the digital money phenomenon has sparked international and global attention, especially in terms of global political economy. Therefore, this research discusses China's CBDC implementation as China's response to the digital money phenomenon and its impact on the global political economy. This research is equipped with theories and concepts that can help see this phenomenon from the perspective of International Relations, namely the perspective of Mercantilism, Global Political Economy theory, concepts such as Financial and Monetary Structure, Knowledge and Technology Structure, the State as a Rational Actor, and Interaction State-Market-Society. The author uses a qualitative approach to seek answers to China's CBDC implementation process and its guarantees for the global political economy. Then, the research method used is a descriptive method for and also uses secondary data through library study methods and bold searches as a data collection process, such as through Journal Storage (JSTOR), Johanes Oentoro Library, Google Scholar, documents such as government statements, government reports, reports from global financial institutions, and other similar sources available on the internet. Based on the research results, it was found that CBDC is a digital money phenomenon in the global political economy and China responded to this phenomenon by becoming involved in creating a CBDC. Of course, this benefits China in terms of authority in the digital money phenomenon and serves the country's economic interests, such as positioning the state as the highest authority, helping implement monetary policy, and advancing the country's financial system. This helps China in the political economy domestically, and ends in China's potential to become an example in the CBDC financial system globally and promote China’s currency to be used globally.

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