Kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat dalam menangani terorisme di Sahel melalui Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (2005-2022)

Widjojo, Valencia Andriyane (2024) Kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat dalam menangani terorisme di Sahel melalui Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (2005-2022). Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Pasca Serangan 9/11, kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat mulai berfokus pada memerangi terorisme, yang mana salah satunya adalah Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP). Apakah kebijakan luar negeri tersebut membuahkan hasil yang sesuai dengan perencanaan awal. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk membahas kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat di Sahel secara umum maupun melalui TSCTP termasuk pencapaian dan kegagalan TSCTP dalam menangani terorisme. Perspektif realisme dan teori kebijakan luar negeri digunakan sebagai landasan teoritis. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif serta metode deskriptif sebagai landasan penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini mencakup pembentukan Pan-Sahel Initiative (PSI) oleh Amerika Serikat sebagai kontraterorisme di Sahel, yang kemudian digantikan oleh TSCTP. Kemudian, para pemangku kepentingan di TSCTP menunjukkan perhatian pada aspek-aspek yang berbeda seperti diplomasi, pembangunan, dan militer. Upaya TSCTP berfokus dalam pengembangan kapasitas. TSCTP tidak didanai secara langsung oleh Kongres, tetapi melalui berbagai rekening alokasi. Distribusi dana TSCTP terbukti tidak efektif. Ini tergambar dari penangguhan program di Mali. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS di Sahel mencakup berbagai instrumen seperti keterlibatan diplomatik, bantuan keamanan, upaya kemanusiaan dan pembangunan, serta mempromosikan stabilitas regional melalui TSCTP. Dalam implementasinya, terdapat tantangan yang dihadapi seperti seperti kebuntuan birokrasi, animositas regional, disrupsi dalam keterlibatan, kurangnya keinginan negara mitra, dan lain sebagainya. Selanjutnya indikator keberhasilan TSCTP belum dapat dikemukakan secara konkrit dikarenakan minimnya data perkembangannya. Meskipun TSCTP telah diterapkan, keamanan telah menurun di sebagian besar wilayah yang dicakupnya. Perang melawan teror yang didukung oleh AS di kawasan ini telah mengakibatkan banyak korban sipil, pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang merajalela, serta korupsi yang meluas. / Post-9/11, the United States' foreign policy began to focus on combating terrorism, one of which is the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP). This research aims to discuss U.S. foreign policy in the Sahel, both generally and through TSCTP, including its achievements and failures in addressing terrorism. Realism perspective and foreign policy theory serve as the theoretical foundation. This research employing a qualitative approach and descriptive methods. The research findings include the establishment of the Pan-Sahel Initiative (PSI) by the United States for counterterrorism in the Sahel, subsequently replaced by TSCTP. Stakeholders in TSCTP demonstrated attention to various aspects such as diplomacy, development, and the military. TSCTP's efforts focused on capacity-building. TSCTP did not receive direct funding from Congress but through various allocated bills. The distribution of TSCTP funds proved ineffective, evident from program suspension in Mali. In conclusion, U.S. Foreign Policy in the Sahel involves various instruments, including diplomatic engagement, security assistance, humanitarian and development efforts, and the promotion of regional stability through TSCTP. In its implementation, challenges were faced, such as bureaucratic deadlock, regional animosities, disruption in engagement, a lack of willingness from partner countries, and more. Furthermore, concrete indicators of TSCTP's success cannot be presented due to limited developmental data. Despite the implementation of TSCTP, security has declined in most covered regions. The U.S.-supported war on terror in this area has resulted in numerous civilian casualties, widespread human rights violations, and extensive corruption.

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