Penanganan Pengungsi Afghanistan di Kota Kupang dalam Perspektif Keamanan Insani (2014–2023)

Messakh, Mujizatria Samuel Wilson (2024) Penanganan Pengungsi Afghanistan di Kota Kupang dalam Perspektif Keamanan Insani (2014–2023). Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Penelitian ini menggambarkan fenomena kehadiran pengungsi Afghanistan di Kota Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia, yang menimbulkan pertanyaan signifikan mengingat Indonesia tidak meratifikasi Konvensi Pengungsi tahun 1951 dan Protokol 1967. Meskipun tidak meratifikasi, Indonesia harus menerapkan prinsip non-refoulment yang mengharuskan Indonesia menerima para pengungsi. Sayangnya, para pengungsi tersebut kerap mengalami ancaman Keamanan Insani. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi ancaman Keamanan Insani yang hadir dalam penanganan pengungsi di Kota Kupang berikut penyelesaiannya yang melibatkan kolaborasi Indonesia dengan International Organization for Migration (IOM) dan United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Penelitian menggunakan teori Liberal Institusionalisme, bersama konsep Norma Internasional, Keamanan Insani, Kerja Sama dan Saling Ketergantungan, dan Institusi Internasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dengan metode deskriptif. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari wawancara dengan Rudenim Kota Kupang dan pengungsi Afghanistan di Kota Kupang. Penelitian ini berhasil mengungkap alasan kedatangan pengungsi karena alasan geografis, penerapan prinsip non-refoulement, serta kehadiran IOM dan UNHCR di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menemukan adanya ancaman Keamanan Insani terhadap pengungsi Afghanistan di Kota Kupang, yakni Keamanan Ekonomi, Keamanan Pangan, Keamanan Kesehatan, Keamanan Pribadi, dan Keamanan Politik. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan perlunya evaluasi terhadap efektivitas tiap aktor dalam proses penanganan pengungsi oleh Rudenim, IOM, dan UNHCR yang tidak mengintegrasikan Konsep Keamanan Insani, kurangnya bantuan dari negara donor, proses administrasi migrasi dan resettlement yang sangat lambat, hingga ketiadaan representasi, serta kurangnya transparansi dan komunikasi UNHCR di Kota Kupang. / This research describes the phenomenon of the presence of Afghan refugees in the city of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, raising significant questions considering that Indonesia has not ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. Despite not ratifying these agreements, Indonesia is obliged to apply the non-refoulement principle, requiring the country to accept refugees. Unfortunately, these refugees often face threats to Human Security. Therefore, this research aims to identify Human Security threats present in the handling of refugees in Kupang, along with their resolution involving collaboration between Indonesia, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The research employs Institutional Neoliberalism theory, along with concepts of International Norms, Human Security, Cooperation and Interdependence, and International Institutions. This is a qualitative study using a descriptive method, with primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through interviews with the Rumah Detensi Imigrasi (Rudenim) Kupang and Afghan refugees in Kupang. The research successfully reveals the reasons for the refugees' arrival, such as geographical factors, the application of the non-refoulement principle, and the presence of IOM and UNHCR in Indonesia. The study also identifies Human Security threats to Afghan refugees in Kupang, including Economic Security, Food Security, Health Security, Personal Security, and Political Security. The research findings emphasize the need for an evaluation of the effectiveness of each actor in the refugee handling process by Rudenim, IOM, and UNHCR. This research also reveals the lack of integration of the Human Security concept, insufficient support from donor countries, slow administrative processes for migration and resettlement, the absence of representation, and the inadequate transparency and communication of UNHCR in Kupang.

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