Analisis konflik yang berlangsung antara komunitas lokal dan perusahaan minyak multinasional Shell yang beroperasi di Delta Niger 1999-2021 = Analyzing the proceeding conflict between the locals and Shell oil multinational operating in Niger Delta 1999-2021

Saputra, Chesa (2024) Analisis konflik yang berlangsung antara komunitas lokal dan perusahaan minyak multinasional Shell yang beroperasi di Delta Niger 1999-2021 = Analyzing the proceeding conflict between the locals and Shell oil multinational operating in Niger Delta 1999-2021. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Nigeria dikenal sebagai negara kurang berkembang yang perekonomiannya masih belum maju dan memiliki berbagai isu, termasuk tingginya tingkat pengangguran. Namun, negara ini sebenarnya berada di peringkat ke-6 di OPEC (Organisasi Negara-negara Pengekspor Minyak) dan juga produsen minyak terbesar di benua itu. Manfaat dari ekstraksi sumber daya yang mereka lakukan tidak dirasakan oleh masyarakat lokal, sehingga menimbulkan konflik antara perusahaan multinasional yang beroperasi dan masyarakat yang terkena dampak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini terpusat pada analisis mengapa konflik tersebut masih berlangsung puluhan tahun hingga saat ini. Apa saja hambatan antara perusahaan, komunitas lokal, dan pemerintah yang memperpanjang konflik. Teori Marxisme yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini selaras dengan konsep eksploitasi, perjuangan kelas, konflik, dan kapitalisme; dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode penelitian deskriptif historis- komparatif. Data diperoleh melalui studi literatur dan penelitian online dengan mengumpulkan data sekunder, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik naratif. Penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana Shell, sebagai perusahaan multinasional, mengeksploitasi negara tuan rumah. Bentuk eksploitasi ini ditunjukkan melalui perusakan lingkungan dan kelayakan hidup masyarakatnya. Konflik tersebut menggambarkan perjuangan kelas yang terjadi di Nigeria, antara pemerintah, Shell, masyarakat kelas borjuis, melawan masyarakat yang terkena dampak tanpa sumber pendapatan. Selanjutnya, kompleksitas konflik terlihat dari sejarah penjajahan dan kesalahan pengelolaan negara. / Nigeria is known as a less developed country whose economy is still developing and struggles with issues including high rates of unemployment. However, the country is actually ranked 6th in OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and also the continent's top oil producer. The benefits from their resource extraction is not felt by the local community, inflicting conflict between the MNC who operates, and the communities affected. Therefore, this research centralizes on analyzing why the conflict is still proceeding for decades until now. What are the barriers between the MNC, local community, and government that prolongs the conflict. The theory of Marxism is used in this research aligning with the concept of exploitation, class struggle, conflict, and capitalism; with a qualitative approach and descriptive historical-comparative research method. Data are obtained through a literature study and online research by collecting secondary data, then analyzed using the narrative technique. This research focuses on how Shell, as the respective MNC, exploits the host-country. It shows the form of exploitation through the damages done on the environment and livelihood of the communities. The conflict pictures the class struggle present in Nigeria, among the government, Shell, bourgeois class of society against the communities affected with no source of income. Furthermore, the complexity of the conflict is seen through the history of colonization and mismanagement in the state.

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