How the United States' indo-pacific strategy challenges China's belt and road initiative in Southeast Asia

Wijaya, Yohanes S. (2021) How the United States' indo-pacific strategy challenges China's belt and road initiative in Southeast Asia. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Abad ke-21 menandai mulainya suatu era yang disebut orang sebagai ‘Abad Asia’, terutama dengan bangkitnya berbagai kekuatan baru di Asia, terutama Tiongkok. Kebangkitan Tiongkok menarik perhatian dari banyak kekuatan besar, termasuk Amerika Serikat. Dengan Prakarsa Sabuk dan Jalan Tiongkok yang mendapat daya tarik serta meningkatkan kehadiran Tiongkok di Asia, Amerika Serikat melihat ini sebagai ancaman bagi tatanan dunia mereka dan mencoba untuk mengekang kebangkitan kekuatan Tiongkok dengan semakin melibatkan diri di wilayah tersebut, pertama melalui Poros ke Asia milik Obama, dan kemudian melalui Strategi Indo-Pasifik milik Trump. Wilayah Asia Tenggara menjadi lokasi kunci geopolitik baik untuk strategi besar milik Tiongkok maupun Amerika Serikat, dan ini menyebabkan keduanya bersaing untuk mendapatkan pengaruh di wilayah tersebut, menggunakan strategi masing-masing sebagai instrumen. Kehadiran Tiongkok juga mencakup militerisasi Laut Tiongkok Selatan, di mana AS telah melaporkan kemungkinan penampakan pangkalan militer yang sedang dibangun di pulau-pulau buatan, dan sebagai tanggapannya telah menekankan kehadiran mereka di perairan yang disengketakan tersebut melalui peningkatan jumlah Operasi Kebebasan Navigasi setiap tahunnya. Persaingan antara Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok juga merupakan konteks utama dalam dinamika antara dua kekuatan besar di kawasan Asia Tenggara saat mereka bersaing untuk mempertahankan posisi mereka dalam sistem internasional dan menjaga kepentingan strategis mereka di kawasan tersebut./The 21st century marked the beginning of what people call as the Asian century, especially with the rise of many Asian powers, most notably China. China’s rise caught the attention of many great powers, including that of the United States. With China’s Belt and Road Initiative gaining traction and increasing the Chinese presence in Asia, the United States saw this as a threat to their world order and tried to curb the rise of Chinese power by increasingly involving themselves in the region, first through Obama’s Pivot to Asia, and later through Trump’s Indo-Pacific Strategy. The region of Southeast Asia became a key geopolitical location for the grand strategies of both China and the United States, and this led to the two to compete for influence in the region, using their respective strategies as an instrument. China’s presence also include the militarization of South China Sea, to which the US have reported possible sightings of a military base being constructed on the artificial islands, and in response have emphasized their presence in the disputed waters through an increased number of Freedom of Navigation Operations annually. The rivalry between the United States and China is also a key context in the dynamics between the two great powers in the region of Southeast Asia as they compete to maintain their position in the international system and to defend their strategic interests in the region.

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