Penelitian ini membahas mengenai perlindungan hukum terhadap mikroorganisme sebagai salah satu bentuk sumber daya genetik (SDG) di Indonesia, mengingat pentingnya mikroorganisme dalam sektor bioteknologi, kesehatan, pertanian, dan industri. Mikroorganisme memiliki nilai bioprospeksi yang tinggi, namun regulasi terkait perlindungannya masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, terutama dalam hal akses, pemanfaatan, dan pembagian keuntungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana konsep perlindungan hukum terhadap mikroorganisme sebagai SDG ditinjau secara filosofis dan yuridis, serta menelaah implementasi perlindungan tersebut dalam konteks hukum nasional dan internasional. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif melalui studi dokumen terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan nasional maupun internasional seperti Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Protokol Nagoya, TRIPS, dan Traktat Budapest. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah memiliki perangkat hukum yang relatif memadai, seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 65 Tahun 2024 tentang Paten, PP Nomor 56 Tahun 2022 tentang Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal, dan Perpres Nomor 1 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Mikroorganisme. Namun, untuk memastikan keberhasilan perlindungan hukum tersebut, masih diperlukan penguatan implementasi, pengawasan, serta integrasi sistem data nasional sumber daya genetik secara menyeluruh. Perlindungan mikroorganisme tidak hanya bersifat administratif, tetapi juga menuntut keterlibatan aktif komunitas lokal dan lembaga riset melalui mekanisme Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) yang adil dan berkelanjutan. / This study discusses the legal protection of microorganisms as one of the forms of genetic resources (GR) in Indonesia, considering the crucial role of microorganisms in the fields of biotechnology, health, agriculture, and industry. Microorganisms possess high bioprospecting value; however, regulations regarding their protection still face various challenges, particularly in terms of access, utilization, and benefit-sharing. This research aims to analyze the concept of legal protection of microorganisms as genetic resources from both philosophical and juridical perspectives, as well as to examine the implementation of such protection within national and international legal frameworks. The methodology employed is a normative juridical approach through a document study of both national and international legal instruments, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Nagoya Protocol, TRIPS, and the Budapest Treaty. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia has established relatively adequate legal instruments, including Law No. 65 of 2024 on Patents, Government Regulation No. 56 of 2022 on Communal Intellectual Property, and Presidential Regulation No. 1 of 2021 on the Management of Microorganisms. However, to ensure the effectiveness of legal protection, further efforts are required in strengthening implementation, supervision, and the integration of a national genetic resources data system. The protection of microorganisms should not only be administrative in nature but also demand the active involvement of local communities and research institutions through a fair and sustainable Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanism.