Kontroversi mengenai kebijakan pemerintah: suatu studi perspektif terhadap pertanggungjawaban hukum atas tanggapan pemerintah dalam krisis keuangan

Conboy, Maria Gratia Sari Soetopo (2012) Kontroversi mengenai kebijakan pemerintah: suatu studi perspektif terhadap pertanggungjawaban hukum atas tanggapan pemerintah dalam krisis keuangan. Doctoral thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Since the 1980s, most Asian countries implemented a liberalization of their financial system to improve services to the public and to assist the development of the economy. This liberalization movement resulted in rapid and massive economic growth through the creation of innovative financial products which attracted investors both locally and internationally. In the middle of 1997, however, a crisis occurred in most Asian nations, such as Thailand, Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore, which later spread to Latin American and European countries. Unfortunately, Indonesia was hit the worst by this crisis via the contagion effect. The crisis resulted in many banks being incapacitated during the clearing process, triggering public panic which led to bank rushes. This situation forced banks to request emergency assistance from Bank Indonesia as the "Lender of Last Resort." In response, Bank Indonesia gave assistance to troubled banks with liquidity support called "Bantuan Likuiditas Bank Indonesia" ("BLBI") or Bank Indonesia Liquidity Support. As explored in this dissertation the legal accountability of implementing BLBI policy is under the jurisdiction of Administrative Law, not Criminal or Corruption Courts. Furthermore, BLBI policy can be legally justified based on an Economic Analysis of Law and applying the method of Cost Benefit Analysis whereby benefits to the society are deemed higher than the costs. Therefore, BLBI policy can be considered to be “an efficient policy” as it served “justice to society” as a whole. Because of the global financial crisis that has impacted economies worldwide, Law No. 21 Year 2011 on the Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), or the Financial Services Authority, was enacted. The implementation of Protocol Crisis Management by the Forum Koordinasi Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan (FKSSK), or Coordinating Financial Stability System Forum, will likely result in inefficiency and lead to higher costs than “benefits to society”. By contrast, Law No. 13 Year 1968 on the Central Bank initially granted authority to Bank Indonesia to respond to financial crisis. This latter law has already been proved "efficient," and thus can be deemed a "just" law. This research is a judicial normative study conducted through a method of assessing and examining legal principles, specifically the norms used by the Indonesian Government and Bank Indonesia in their policy responses to financial crisis. / Selama dekade 1980-an, hampir seluruh negara di kawasan Asia mengambil kebijakan untuk meliberalisasikan sistem keuangannya untuk menyediakan dana bagi masyarakat luas untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya sehingga dapat mendorong terjadinya pertumbuhan ekonomi. Liberasiasi ini mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi secara cepat dan luas melalui produk-produk keuangan yang inovatif dan dapat menarik perhatian para invenstor asing maupun dalam negeri. Pada pertengahan tahun 1997 terjadi krisis di hampir seluruh negara di kawasan Asia, seperti Thailand, Korea, Malaysia, serta Singapura dan pada akhirnya menyebar ke kawasan Amerika Latin dan negara-negara Eropa. Indonesia mengalami dampak yang sangat buruk. Krisis keuangan mengakibatkan banyak bank kalah kliring sehingga memicu masyarakat untuk menarik uang mereka di bank secara besar-besaran atau rush. Akibatnya bank kemudian meminta bantuan BI sebagai lender of the last resort. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pertanggungjawaban yuridis pemerintah dalam pengucuran Bantuan Likuiditas Bank Indonesia berdasarkan Hukum Administrasi Negara (HAN) atau Hukum Tata Usaha Negara (HTUN), dan bukan berdasarkan ketentuan korupsi menurut Hukum Pidana. Dalam perspekstif Hukum Analisis Ekonomi, BLBI merupakan suatu kebijakan (policy) pemerintah yang secara hukum dapat dibenarkan dan diterapkan berdasarkan analisis biaya dan manfaat akan memberikan manfaat yang besar bagi masyarakat dibandingkan dengan biaya yang telah dikeluarkan dalam merespon krisis. Oleh karena itu kebijakan BLBI merupakan biaya yang sangat efisien dalam membangun social wealth maximization secara menyeluruh. Mengingat krisis keuangan telah menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi perekonomian global maka Pemerintah dan DPR mengesahkan UU No. 21 Tahun 2011 Tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Penerapan Protokol Krisis melalui Forum Koordinasi Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan (FKSSK) dapat dipastikan akan menimbulkan inefisiensi biaya dan akan merugikan masyarakat. Hal ini bertentangan dengan penerapan UU No. 13 Tahun 1968 Tentang Bank Sentral yang memberikan kewenangan kepada Bank Indonesia dalam penanganan krisis keuangan. UU No. 13 Tahun 1968 sebenarnya telah terbukti efisien dan berkeadilan. Metode Pendekatan yang dipergunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan mempelajari dan mengkaji asas-asas hukum khususnya kaidah-kaidah hukum positif mengenai kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia dan Bank Indonesia dalam merespon krisis keuangan.

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