Konstruksi tokoh Kartini melalui film biopik (analisis semiotika film Kartini 1982 dan 2017)

Salahuddin, Rachmawatie (2018) Konstruksi tokoh Kartini melalui film biopik (analisis semiotika film Kartini 1982 dan 2017). Masters thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

This thesis focuses on biopic film genres about how RA Kartini as a national heroine is presented and constructed in two national films: RA Kartini (1982) and Kartini (2017). How woman as a gender has been constructed and presented in these two films which were made in two different times and by two different directors. In mass media studies, movies can not only serve as a media that reflects reality but also form or even distort reality. By using constructivist paradigm and qualitative approach with semiotic analysis methods study about sign and the processes that making meaning in those two films and then to assess it in relation to the theories of construction of social reality, hegemony theory, Focault theory of power, and structure theory. Biopic film is made from the paradigm of each director who influenced different time and space in the making. As the result of the study the author concludes that the two Kartini films emphasized the patriarchal ideology as the main background, illustrated by the inequality of education, culture of seclusion and the title of Raden Ayu, polygamy and forms of Kartini rebellion. Both directors have different ways of packaging in the reconstruction of Kartini figure. The conclusion of the construction of both films, both Sjumandjaja and Hanung describe Kartini figure who always fight for the fate of women and the fate of the small people. The women of colonial times were subordinated under the ideology of patriarchy, feudalism and paternalism. Men are given privileges and women must be submissive and have no privileges like me. The privileges form of education, working in the economic sector and free to do polygamy. The oppression of men was accepted as something natural. / Tesis ini memusatkan perhatian genre film biopik tentang bagaimana sosok pahlawan nasional RA Kartini dihadirkan dan dikonstruksi dalam dua film nasional: RA Kartini (1982) dan Kartini (2017). Bagaimana konstruksi tentang perempuan dihadirkan dalam dua film yang lahir dari dua kurun waktu yang berbeda oleh dua sutradara yang berbeda. Dalam kajian media massa, film tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai media yang merefleksikan realitas namun juga membentuk atau bahkan mendistorsi realitas. Dengan menggunakan paradigma konstruktivis dan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis semiotik menelaah berbagai tanda-tanda yang memiliki makna terhadap film Kartini yang diteliti dengan mengaitkan data tersebut dengan teori konstruksi realitas sosial, teori hegemoni, teori kekuasaan Foucault, dan teori strukturasi. Film biopik ini dibuat dari paradigma masing-masing sutradara yang dipengaruhi ruang dan waktu yang berbeda di dalam pembuatannya. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut peneliti mendapatkan kedua film dilatarbelakangi ideologi patriarki yang sangat kuat, digambarkan dengan ketidaksetaraan mendapatkan pendidikan, budaya pingitan dan gelar Raden Ayu, poligami dan bentuk-bentuk pemberontakan Kartini. Kedua sutradara memiliki cara pengemasan yang berbeda dalam rekonstruksi sosok Kartini. Kesimpulan dari konstruksi kedua film, baik Sjumandjaja maupun Hanung menggambarkan sosok Kartini yang selalu memperjuangkan nasib perempuan dan nasib rakyat kecil. Kaum perempuan di jaman kolonial tersubordinasi dibawah ideologi patriarki, feodalisme dan paternalisme. Kaum pria diberikan keistimewaan, sementara kaum perempuan harus tunduk pada kekuasaan pria dan tidak memihak perempuan sama sekali. Keistimewaan berupa pendidikan, bekerja di sektor perekonomian dan bebas melakukan poligami. Hal ketertindasan yang dilakukan pria pada masa itu diterima sebagai sesuatu yang wajar.

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