Pergeseran politik sekuler, pembentukan identitas internasional dan penguatan rezim studi kasus: kudeta militer pertama hingga kelima di Turki

Wulandari, Lita (2018) Pergeseran politik sekuler, pembentukan identitas internasional dan penguatan rezim studi kasus: kudeta militer pertama hingga kelima di Turki. Masters thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Turkey is known as Secular State in which doing practical political life has the strong influences from Islam that is carrying from Utsmaniyah Dynasty. Secular and Islam in Turkey encounter clash that follow with several changes in governmental system, international identity formation and regime strengthening through the ruling government actor. Turkey has been through difficult moment with coup histories for four times in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997 which capable to overthrowing the ruling government. After the forth coup in 1997, Turkey has a stable political condition under Erdogan’s regime until there’s a military coup moment on 2016 which has failure to overthrow Erdogan’s regime. How’s the political dynamics and the policies that leads to international identity formations in the first to the fifth coup period? How’s Erdogan’s regime through AKP can influenced the fifth coup failure? This thesis is built using qualitative research strategy methodology, through case study which comparing the coup cases that has happen in Turkey. Author will explore the process, activities and moments from several coups that happen and especially 2016. This thesis is descriptive analytic and based on literature review (books and Journal), interview and interview observation from website. This research result are: first, secular politic influence is shift along with the military authority that is weakened. Second, the ruling actor is form the international identity through policies in each coup period. Third, Erdogan’s regime through AKP build Turkey’s international identity which is pro West countries related with EU and NATO also in the other hands as an Islamic countries leader in the global world. Forth, indicated Erdogan’s regime strengthening with the new constitution referendum on April 2017 after the failure of military coup 2016. / Turki merupakan contoh negara sekuler dalam menjalankan kehidupan perpolitikan kental oleh pengaruh Islam karena latar belakangnya dari Kekhalifahan Utsmaniyah. Sekuler dan Islam di Turki selalu mengalami gejolak yang mengakibatkan perubahan dalam menentukan sistem pemerintahan, pembentukan identitas internasional dan penguatan rezim oleh aktor pemerintah yang berkuasa. Turki mempunyai sejarah kudeta yang kelam sebanyak empat kali yaitu tahun 1960, 1971, 1980 dan 1997 yang mampu menggulingkan pemerintahan yang berkuasa. Paska kudeta keempat tahun 1997, kondisi politik Turki bisa dikatakan stabil dibawah kepemimpinan Erdogan hingga terjadi peristiwa kudeta militer kelima tahun 2016 namun akhirnya gagal menggulingkan pemerintahan Erdogan. Bagaimana dinamika politik dan kebijakan-kebijakan yang mengarah pada pembentukan identitas internasional pada kudeta pertama hingga kelima? Bagaimana penguatan rezim Erdogan melalui partai AKP mampu menggagalkan kudeta kelima tahun 2016? Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mengikuti strategi kualitatif menggunakan studi perbandingan kasus-kasus kudeta di Turki. Penulis akan mengeksplorasi proses, aktivitas dan peristiwa dari sejumlah kudeta yang pernah terjadi di Turki kemudian mengkerucut pada kudeta tahun 2016. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis berdasarkan studi pustaka, wawancara dan observasi melalui data dari berbagai literature (buku dan jurnal), wawancara, maupun observasi melalui internet. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: pertama, bahwa politik sekuler bergeser pengaruhnya seiring dengan melemahnya kewenangan militer. Kedua, aktor yang berkuasa pada masing-masing periode kudeta membentuk identitas internasional dengan kebijakan-kabijakan yang dijalankan. Ketiga, pemerintahan Erdogan melalui partai AKP membentuk identitas internasional Turki yang pro Barat khususnya EU dan NATO sekaligus sebagai pemimpin negara-negara Islam di dunia. Keempat, adanya indikasi penguatan rezim Erdogan dengan adanya referendum April 2017 paska kudeta militer yang gagal tahun 2016.

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