Strategi keamanan maritim Republik Indonesia menanggapi belt and road initiative Tiongkok pada tahun 2014-2019 = The Republic of Indonesia's maritime security strategy towards China's belt and road initiative in 2014-2019

Saputra, Delvicia (2020) Strategi keamanan maritim Republik Indonesia menanggapi belt and road initiative Tiongkok pada tahun 2014-2019 = The Republic of Indonesia's maritime security strategy towards China's belt and road initiative in 2014-2019. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

China’s Belt and Road Initiative unveiled by President Xi Jin Ping since 2013, aims as global economy connectivity, one of which is through the construction of maritime routes project. China's interests in Indonesia as the largest archipelago country with abundant natural resources and located in a strategic position make the territorial waters of Indonesia included in its Maritime Silk Road route. From a security perspective, the presence of a maritime silk line poses various challenges that threaten security. There has been no settlement of the dispute over the South China Sea, especially China's claim on the nine-dash-line that obviously against international sovereignty (especially the claimant state) international law and the construction of Chinese military bases around the region should be carefully addressed by Indonesia. Therefore, a strong maritime security strategy is needed to protect the integrity of Indonesia's sovereign territory by adhering to the principle of free-active foreign policy and in line with the Global Maritime Fulcrum policy initiated by President Joko Widodo. This research aims to identify and analyze maritime security strategies undertaken the Indonesian government behind the emergence of the China’s Belt and Road Initiative. The theory used in this research is neoclassical realism by prioritizing concepts such as sovereignty, national interests, and security cooperation. Moreover, this research applies the descriptive method with qualitative approach. The results of this study explain that the Indonesian government undertook a local scale strategy (building security in the Natuna Islands), national scale (Global Maritime Fulcrum policy and the development of military power recorded in the 2015 Indonesian Defense White Paper), and also regional scale (security cooperation with ASEAN countries). Apart from existing economic policies, in reality the Belt and Road Initiative is an issue that has not been securitized. / Belt and Road Initiative Tiongkok yang digagas oleh Presiden Xi Jin Ping sejak tahun 2013 bertujuan untuk menghubungkan perekonomian dunia, salah satunya melalui proyek pembangunan jalur maritim. Kepentingan Tiongkok di Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah serta terletak pada posisi strategis menjadikan wilayah perairan Indonesia termasuk dalam rute Jalur Sutra Maritim miliknya. Pada perspektif keamanan, kehadiran jalur sutra maritim menuai berbagai tantangan yang mengancam keamanan. Belum adanya penyelesaian sengketa wilayah Laut Tiongkok Selatan, terlebih klaim Tiongkok atas nine-dash-line yang jelas melanggar hukum internasional kedaulatan negara (terutama claimant state) lalu pembangunan pangkalan militer Tiongkok di sekitar wilayah tersebut patut disikapi secara hati-hati oleh Indonesia. Sehingga, strategi keamanan maritim yang kuat diperlukan untuk melindungi keutuhan wilayah kedaulatan Indonesia dengan tetap menganut prinsip kebijakan luar negeri bebas – aktif dan sejalan dengan kebijakan Poros Maritim Dunia yang diprakarsai Presiden Joko Widodo. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis strategi keamanan maritim yang dirumuskan pemerintah Indonesia menghadapi munculnya Belt and Road Initiative Tiongkok. Teori yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah neoklasikal realisme dengan mengutamakan konsep-konsep seperti kedaulatan, kepentingan nasional, dan kerja sama keamanan. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah metodologi penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa pemerintah Indonesia melakukan strategi dengan skala lokal (membangun keamanan di Kepulauan Natuna), nasional (kebijakan Poros Maritim Dunia dan perkembangan kekuatan militer tercatat pada Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia 2015), serta regional (kerja sama keamanan dengan negara Kawasan ASEAN). Terlepas dari kebijakan ekonomi yang ada, pada kenyataannya Belt and Road Initiative ialah suatu isu yang belum disekuritisasi.

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