Kekerasan seksual sebagai strategi dominasi: studi komparasi konflik sosial Rwanda dan Kongo

Bunanto, Yulyana Agustine (2025) Kekerasan seksual sebagai strategi dominasi: studi komparasi konflik sosial Rwanda dan Kongo. Masters thesis, Universitas Pelita Harapan.

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Abstract

Pemerkosaan tidak banyak mendapat perhatian baik secara hukum, politik maupun akademik dan kerap dianggap sebagai "masalah wanita" dan "efek samping" perang yang hampir tak terhindarkan. Pola mendasar dapat dianalisis antara pemerkosaan sebagai strategi dominasi pada konflik sosial Rwanda dan Kongo. Tesis ini akan menjelaskan perbedaan dan persamaan yang dapat ditemukan pada kedua kasus ini. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi kasus. Kedua konflik ini terkenal karena meluasnya penggunaan kekerasan seksual sebagai strategi dominasi, namun konteks sosiopolitik, sejarah, dan budaya dari kedua peristiwa tersebut menghasilkan pola dan dampak kekerasan yang berbeda. Di Rwanda, genosida memenggunakan pemerkosaan sistematis sebagai bagian dari kampanye pemusnahan etnis yang terorganisir terhadap penduduk Tutsi, dimana pemerkosaan digunakan sebagai sarana teror dan alat pemurnian etnis. Sebaliknya, kekerasan seksual tertanam dalam konflik yang lebih luas dalam Perang Saudara Kongo, dengan pemerkosaan digunakan oleh berbagai faksi untuk mendapatkan kontrol, dominasi, dan eksploitasi ekonomi, yang sering kali diperburuk oleh keterlibatan milisi bersenjata dan intervensi asing. Analisis ini menggali peran militerisasi, dinamika kekuasaan berbasis gender, dan respons internasional terhadap kejahatan-kejahatan ini dalam kedua konteks. Meskipun skala dan kebrutalan pemerkosaan sama dengan kekejaman di masa perang, tesis ini menyoroti perbedaan antara faktor struktural, sifat konflik, dan respons pasca-konflik antara Rwanda dan Kongo. Dengan memanfaatkan kesaksian para penyintas, kerangka hukum, dan intervensi kemanusiaan internasional, penelitian ini menggarisbawahi perlunya pendekatan multifaset untuk mengatasi kekerasan seksual dalam konflik, sekaligus menekankan pentingnya konteks lokal dalam memahami dan memerangi kekejaman seksual pada masa perang. / Rape receives little attention in legal, political or academic terms and is often considered a "women's problem" and an almost inevitable "side effect" of war. A basic pattern can be explained between rape as a domination strategy in the Rwandan and Congolese social conflicts. This thesis will explain the differences and similarities that can be found in these two cases. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach and case study method. Both conflicts are notorious for the widespread use of sexual violence as domination strategy, but the sociopolitical, historical and cultural contexts of the two events resulted in different patterns and impacts of violence. In Rwanda, the genocide used systematic rape as part of an organized campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Tutsi population, where rape was used as a means of terror and a tool of ethnic purification. Instead, sexual violence was embedded within the broader conflict of the Congolese Civil War, with rape used by various factions to gain control, domination, and economic exploitation, often exacerbated by the involvement of armed militias and foreign intervention. This analysis explores the role of militarization, gendered power dynamics, and international responses to these crimes in both contexts. Although the scale and brutality of the rapes are similar to wartime atrocities, this paper highlights the differences between structural factors, the nature of the conflict, and post-conflict responses between Rwanda and Congo. Drawing on survivors' testimonies, legal frameworks, and international humanitarian interventions, this research underscores the need for a multifaceted approach to addressing sexual violence in conflict, while emphasizing the importance of local context in understanding and combating wartime sexual atrocities.
Item Type: Thesis (Masters)
Creators:
Creators
NIM
Email
ORCID
Bunanto, Yulyana Agustine
NIM01688210029
yulyana6611423@gmail.com
UNSPECIFIED
Contributors:
Contribution
Contributors
NIDN/NIDK
Email
Thesis advisor
Liwe, Amelia Joan Ribka
NIDN0309047405
amelia.liwe@uph.edu
Uncontrolled Keywords: kekerasan seksual ; pemerkosaan ; perang ; perang saudara
Subjects: J Political Science > JZ International relations
Divisions: University Subject > Current > Faculty/School - UPH Karawaci > Faculty of Social and Political Science > Master of International Relations
Current > Faculty/School - UPH Karawaci > Faculty of Social and Political Science > Master of International Relations
Depositing User: Yulyana Agustine Bunanto
Date Deposited: 21 Feb 2025 06:52
Last Modified: 21 Feb 2025 06:52
URI: http://repository.uph.edu/id/eprint/67143

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